The Role of Inflammatory and Nutritional Indices in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: A Retrospective Study

Background: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is characterized by impaired bone metabolism, inflammation, and nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of inflammatory and nutritional markers in identifying decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Methods: This cross-sectional study retrospectively analyzed postmenopausal women from January 2018 and December 2023. A total of 368 women were divided into three groups based on T-scores: 61 women with osteoporosis (T-score <= -2.5), 153 women with osteopenia (-1 > T-score > -2.5), and 154 women with normal BMD (T-score > -1). Inflammatory and nutritional biomarkers included the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), pan-immune inflammation value (PIV), geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), triglycerides, total cholesterol, and body weight index (TCBI), prognosis nutritional index (PNI), hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score, 25-OH Vitamin D level, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and their ratios. Results: The GNRI was significantly lower in the osteoporosis group compared to the control group. The NLR, PLR, SII, SIRI, PIV, TCBI, PNI, and HALP were similar between the groups. The GNRI and TCBI showed a positive correlation with T-scores. The Mg level was lower in the osteoporosis group than in the control group and osteopenia group, and the Na/Mg ratio was higher. Additionally, the Ca/Mg ratio was lower in the osteoporosis group than in the control group. The T-score was positively correlated with Mg and Ca/Mg, while the Na/Mg ratio showed a significant negative correlation. Vitamin D, other minerals, and their ratios did not show significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GNRI could serve as a useful indicator for assessing bone health and the risk of osteoporosis. Furthermore, maintaining appropriate levels of Mg and balanced Na/Mg and Ca/Mg ratios appears crucial for BMD.