Current Trends and Future Prospects of Integrating Electrospinning With 3D Printing Techniques for Mimicking Bone Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds

This article presents a review of the recent findings on the combination of electrospun nanofibers and three-dimensional (3D)-printed structures for extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. We explore the synergy between electrospinning (ES), which produces highly porous, fibrous structures from materials like collagen and gelatin, and 3D printing, which allow precise scaffold design using biopolymers. We discuss the selection of appropriate biopolymers based on their mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, as well as the key functions of ECM structures in cell attachment, migration, and differentiation. We analyze the strengths and limitations of each technique, noting that while ES enhances cellular adhesion and proliferation, it struggles with complex geometries and scalability. In contrast, 3D printing provides strong structural support but faces challenges with resolution and biomaterial compatibility. Our review focuses on the innovative integration of these methods, aiming to merge ES's microstructural precision with 3D printing's structural strength. We evaluate various hybrid combination methods, including sequential and coaxial techniques, and discuss potential solutions to challenges related to ECM scaffold quality, production time, and scalability. Furthermore, we highlight recent discoveries and propose future research directions to enhance further mimicking the ECM scaffold of bone.