Association between eating rate and childhood overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Many studies have reported the relationship between eating rate and childhood overweight/obesity, while results remain inconclusive. The present study was done to estimate the association between eating rate and childhood overweight/obesity through a systematic review of prevalence studies. Relevant studies were searched by two independent researchers in databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, and data were collected from relevant studies published through June 2023 using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. A summary estimate was calculated using a random-effect model, and subgroup analysis was performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. Data from 16 published studies were eligible for inclusion. Fast eating was associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity compared with a medium eating rate (OR 1/4 1.80; 95% CI: 1.49, 2.18), and slow eating showed a declined overweight/obesity risk among children and adolescents (OR 1/4 0.65; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.81). Subgroup analysis performed according to age showed that in all age groups, eating fast was positively correlated with overweight/ obesity, while eating slowly was negatively associated with overweight/obesity. According to our study, eating rate was closely related to childhood overweight/obesity, and eating fast was associated with an increased likelihood of being overweight/obesity. In the future, it will be necessary to understand the factors that influence fast eating and develop methods to slow down the eating rate in children and adolescents.