Copper-based nanomaterials for the treatment of bacteria-infected wounds: material classification, strategies and mechanisms

Bacterial infection in wounds is a complex and multilayered process, increasing the complexity and challenges of treatment. It often leads to infection, a deeper inflammatory response and a multifaceted slowing down of the wound repair process. Therefore, addressing these unique challenges requires focused and effective treatment strategies aimed at achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes and preventing complications. With rapid advancements in nanomaterials, catalytic techniques, and biotechnology, copper-based nanomaterials, as commonly used nanomaterials, exhibit excellent physicochemical properties, such as efficient catalytic, optical, thermal, or electrical characteristics, and are widely applied in wound management. To develop efficient and mature therapies for bacterial infection in wounds, a comprehensive understanding of the treatment strategies and mechanisms of copper-based nanomaterials in this context is essential. In this review, we systematically summarize the progress in the use of copper-based nanomaterials for treating bacterial infection in wounds, including the types of materials, treatment strategies, and mechanisms of action. We emphasize the unique advantages of different types of copper-based materials in treatment, diverse treatment modalities, and their mechanisms in terms of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, or wound healing promotion. Finally, we discuss current challenges and the understanding and perspectives that have the potential to contribute to the development of treatments for bacterially infected wounds.