Gender-specific improvements in cognitive resources Impact of a multidimensional exercise program on healthy physically inactive older adults

Background: Neuroanatomical parameters deteriorate with age and this process varies among individuals. Gender differences in these parameters have been documented but their effects on cognition remain unclear. Physical activity, continuous learning and social interactions are recognized strategies to prevent cognitive decline. Aim: This study investigated the effects of multidimensional training on selective attention and reaction speed in physically inactive but healthy older adults, exploring gender-specific differences in cognitive abilities. Material and methods: The study employed a pre-post design and included a 24-week exercise program. A total of 60 participants (30 male, 30 female) aged 65-69 years completed the program, which consisted of 90 min of fitness and 90 min of recreational sports each week. Cognitive performance was assessed using the STROOP (a visual test for selective attention) and reaction time (RT) tests administered through the Vienna Test System. Results: Significant gender differences were observed. Women were initially slower than men but significantly improved their reaction speed after the training (p < 0.001, d = 1.144). Conversely, men showed significant improvements in controlled and automated actions (p = 0.021, d = 0.5). Discussion: Multidimensional training enhances cognitive performance in physically inactive older adults. Gender-specific differences in reaction time were confirmed, while differences in other cognitive domains were revealed. The underlying causes of these differences are still unclear, raising the question of whether training programs should be tailored differently for men and women.