Near real-time monitoring of wading birds using uncrewed aircraft systems and computer vision

Wildlife population monitoring over large geographic areas is increasingly feasible due to developments in aerial survey methods coupled with the use of computer vision models for identifying and classifying individual organisms. However, aerial surveys still occur infrequently, and there are often long delays between the acquisition of airborne imagery and its conversion into population monitoring data. Near real-time monitoring is increasingly important for active management decisions and ecological forecasting. Accomplishing this over large scales requires a combination of airborne imagery, computer vision models to process imagery into information on individual organisms, and automated workflows to ensure that imagery is quickly processed into data following acquisition. Here we present our end-to-end workflow for conducting near real-time monitoring of wading birds in the Everglades, Florida, USA. Imagery is acquired as frequently as weekly using uncrewed aircraft systems (aka drones), processed into orthomosaics (using Agisoft metashape), converted into individual-level species data using a Retinanet-50 object detector, post-processed, archived, and presented on a web-based visualization platform (using Shiny). The main components of the workflow are automated using Snakemake. The underlying computer vision model provides accurate object detection, species classification, and both total and species-level counts for five out of six target species (White Ibis, Great Egret, Great Blue Heron, Wood Stork, and Roseate Spoonbill). The model performed poorly for Snowy Egrets due to the small number of labels and difficulty distinguishing them from White Ibis (the most abundant species). By automating the post-survey processing, data on the populations of these species is available in near real-time (<1 week from the date of the survey) providing information at the time scales needed for ecological forecasting and active management.