A Review of Current Progress in Perovskite-Based Energy Storage to Photorechargeable Systems

Solar energy, as a renewable and sustainable resource, presents a cost-effective alternative to conventional energy sources. However, its intermittent nature necessitates efficient energy storage solutions to balance generation and demand. Photovoltaics (PVs) play a crucial role in converting solar energy into electricity and integrating them with energy storage devices (ESDs) offers a viable approach to mitigate variability. This integration demands advancements in device engineering and novel materials to enhance efficiency and scalability. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have gained significant attention as a revolutionary class of materials in photovoltaic technology, offering high power conversion efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and facile processability for solar cell fabrication. Their potential extends to photorechargeable electrochemical ESDs (PESDs), where integrated perovskite-based PVs and ESDs can enable self-charging under illumination, ensuring continuous power supply in off-grid scenarios. PESDs have been developed with both external (4-terminal) and internal (3-terminal) PV-ESD integration, with the latter being preferable due to reduced cost, lower ohmic losses, and minimized energy dissipation. Voltage mismatch between PVs and ESDs in PESDs causes energy loss and reduced efficiency. Perovskite materials, due to their dual-functional photoactive properties, offer a promising solution by enabling direct integration of PVs and ESDs in a compact architecture, minimizing external losses and improving efficiency. Additionally, perovskite morphology, crystal structure, and dimensional characteristics significantly influence PESD performance. This Review explores the role of chemical and interfacial engineering in enhancing power conversion efficiency (PCE) and optimizing PESD performance. Furthermore, we examine the impact of all-inorganic perovskites (AIPs), Pb-free perovskites (LFPs), double perovskite, 3D, 2D, 1D and 0D perovskites, perovskite nanocrystals, and organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) on PESD efficiency, providing insights into their potential for next-generation integrated energy storage solutions.