On- and off-design optimization for a solar-powered supercritical CO2 cycle based on an improved integrative model with a one-dimensional prime heat exchanger submodel

The integration of the solar power tower system with a supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) Brayton power cycle is a promising approach for the efficient utilization of solar energy. The prime heat exchanger acts as a bridge to exchange the energy and mass flow between the solar components and the power cycle, whose on-design and offdesign performance are crucial for system optimization and analysis. Therefore, the present study incorporates a one-dimensional primary heat exchanger model into the solar power tower model, whose geometric parameters are carefully considered to accurately capture its heat transfer performance and flow resistance. The optimization and analysis are conducted for solar power systems to reveal the optimal geometry and operating parameters for both on-design and off-design conditions. The optimization results indicate that the optimal designs for primary heat exchangers feature compactness, long and thin type, low baffle cut, and high tube side flow velocity. For ondesign conditions, the heat-capacity flow rate of molten salt should be designed higher than CO2 in the prime heat exchanger, maintaining the hot end approach temperature higher than the cold end. This improves the operating temperature and efficiency of the power cycle significantly, at the expense of deteriorating receiver efficiency slightly. For low power load scenarios, the heat-capacity flow rate of molten salt should be lower than CO2 to increase the hot end approach temperature of the prime heat exchanger. This reduces the operating temperature of CO2, avoiding a considerable reduction in the mass flow rate of CO2, benefiting the turbomachinery and power cycle performances.