A MXene-based double-network conductive hydrogel triboelectric nanogenerator for intelligent sports monitoring

The development of wearable flexible electronic devices is crucial for advancing applications in human motion monitoring, biomedicine, and smart sports. In this work, we introduce a MXene-based double-network conductive hydrogel (MD-hydrogel) for a high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (MD-TENG). By incorporating sodium alginate (SA) into the hydrogel matrix, we significantly enhance its mechanical strength, enabling greater triboelectric contact and electrical output. Compared to conventional hydrogel TENGs, our MDTENG exhibits 84 % higher open-circuit voltage (VOC), 75 % higher short-circuit current (ISC), and 84 % higher QSC. The VOC reaches 491.98 V, ISC 75.41 mu A, transfer charge (QSC) 83.93 nC, and maximum power output 2.54 mW at 3 M Omega resistance, demonstrating superior energy harvesting performance. Furthermore, the MDTENG is applied in football training, effectively sensing foot pressure and joint movements, providing realtime feedback for performance optimization and injury prevention. These findings highlight the MD-TENG's potential for next-generation self-powered sensors in wearable electronics and sports monitoring.