Preventive Photobiomodulation for Chemotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

Background/Objectives: Oral mucositis (OM) is the most common acute complication among cancer patients. It initially manifests as an inflammatory process, beginning with erythema and edema of the oral mucosa, progressing to erosive lesions, and ultimately leading to highly painful ulcers. This systematic review seeks to evaluate the efficacy of preventive PBM protocols in mitigating chemotherapy-induced OM. Methods: The PRISMA guidelines were followed. The search was conducted in August 2024 in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, WoS, Cochrane, SciELO, BDTD, and BVS/IBECS. Only randomized clinical trials that utilized preventive photobiomodulation protocols in chemotherapy patients were included. All studies involving patients previously treated with radiation therapy were excluded. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was employed for risk of bias analysis. Results: The total sample size consisted of 828 patients aged between 1 and 84 years. There was no predisposition based on gender or age. When the patients were evaluated under preventive protocols, some cases of mucositis manifested in a total of 339 cases. Of the total number of patients in the 13 selected studies (n = 828), 40.94% developed oral mucositis over the course of chemotherapy cycles. Comparing the experimental and control groups, 211 patients who did not receive preventive laser treatment developed oral mucositis; in contrast, only 128 in the experimental group did. Eighty-five percent of the studies exhibited a low risk of bias. Conclusions: Preventively applied photobiomodulation proves effective in minimizing or even preventing the manifestation of oral mucositis and reducing the severity of lesions that arise during oncological treatment. Registration PROSPERO (CRD42023465329).