Global, Regional, and National Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer in 2022: Evidence from the GLOBOCAN Study

Background: Tracheal Bronchus and Lung cancers (TBL) represent one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. This study aimed to examine the disease and economic burden of TBL cancers in 185 countries worldwide in 2022. Methods: The estimates of TBL cancer incidence and mortality (counts and age-standardized rates) were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2022 data produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) were utilized as a proxy of 5-year survival rates. Multivariate regression was utilized to examine the association between TBL cancer burden and tobacco use prevalence. Results: Globally, there were 2.48 million incident cases and 1.82 million deaths due to TBL cancers in 2022. Males accounted for 63.4% of incident cases (1.57 million) and 67.85% of TBL deaths (1.23 million) in 2022. For both sexes combined, the age-standardized rate was 23.1 per 100,000, and the age-standardized mortality rate was 16.8/100,000. The Mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) at the global level stood at 0.71. Eastern Asia had the largest burden of TBL cancers among the 21 UN-defined regions, with around 51% of incident cases (1.24 million) and 46.9% of global deaths (851,876), followed by Northern America (incidence: 257,284; deaths: 150,675) and Eastern Europe (incidence: 158,141; deaths: 126,840). At the country level, human development index (HDI) and adult tobacco use prevalence could explain 67% and 64% variation in ASIR and ASMR, respectively. HDI was statistically significantly related to MIR, explaining a 48% variation in MIR. Conclusions: With 1.9 million deaths in 2022, TBL cancer is a significant global cause of mortality. Despite the knowledge and awareness of smoking and lung cancer, adult smoking rates remain high in many countries, including the United States and China. Renewed and sustained global efforts are needed to reduce smoking prevalence and PM2.5 levels, particularly in China and low- and middle-income countries.