Gendered impacts of climate change: evidence from weather shocks

Climate change is a critical challenge of our era, and its effects on human well-being are undeniable. It may not be immediately apparent that its impacts can vary by gender. Drawing from lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that a shock can affect men and women differently, due to social norms and pre-existing gender differences. This paper reviews economic studies on how weather shocks-such as floods, droughts, and extreme temperatures-affect a broad spectrum of outcomes, ranging from endowments to economic opportunities and agency. Although specific physiological vulnerabilities exist (e.g. boys are more vulnerable to prenatal shocks, while girls and women are more vulnerable to heat), the most significant gendered impacts stem from pre-existing inequalities and societal responses to these shocks. In regions with a strong preference for boys, families facing resource shortages from shocks might prioritize boys for food and other resources, pull girls from school, marry them off young, or withdraw women from agricultural work so they can focus on household chores. Conversely, boys and men might leave school or migrate to seek alternative income sources during or after such shocks. Without gender-responsive climate policies, climate change is likely to exacerbate existing gender inequalities.