Beyond taxonomy: A framework for biological trait analysis to assess the functional structure of benthic foraminiferal communities

Benthic foraminifera, as key components of marine and transitional ecosystems, provide a valuable opportunity to investigate the effects of environmental changes on marine biodiversity. While traditional taxonomic approaches have been instrumental in assessing benthic foraminifera assemblages, a trait-based approach offers a more holistic perspective on their ecological roles. This study introduces a framework for biological trait analysis (BTA) of benthic foraminifera, emphasizing the importance of morphological, physiological, and ecological traits. We examine the potential of morphogroup analysis as a precursor to BTA, acknowledging its limitations, and propose a list of functional traits relevant to benthic foraminifera. These include both response and effect traits, such as wall texture, test size, chamber arrangement, chamber disposition, pore density, pore size, life mode, feeding mode, bioturbation mode, respiration mode, association and indicative value. Additionally, we address the challenges and opportunities associated with quantifying and analyzing foraminiferal functional traits, and outline key statistical methods for exploring trait-environment relationships. By implementing BTA, we can evaluate the functional diversity and ecological roles of foraminiferal communities, identify the drivers of community structure, predict responses to environmental changes, and assess the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on marine ecosystems.