Fatal hepatic mucormycosis in an allogeneic hematopoietic-stem cell transplanted patient: Case report of a rare presentation and review of the literature

Hepatic mucormycosis is a rare condition. Our objective is to report a case in a HSCT patient and to perform a review of the literature. A 36-year-old man with acute myeloid leukemia, performed a haploidentical HSCT. In D+132, when treating acute GVHD with methylprednisolone and etanercept, a hepatic abscess was diagnosed. Puncture of the abscess was performed, and fungal hyphae were visualized. The culture of the aspirate identified Mucor sp. Sequencing confirmed the isolate as Mucor indicus. The patient died despite the use of Amphotericin B. Our search identified 24 hepatic mucormycosis reports. Fifteen (62.5 %) were male and 79.1 % were immunocompromised. Fever accompanied with abdominal pain was present in 41.6 %. Twelve (50.0 %) had multiple hepatic lesions. Mortality rate was 45.8 % (n = 11/24). In conclusion, the most common clinical presentation of hepatic mucormycosis in immunocompromised patients might be abdominal pain and fever, along with hepatic abscess findings in abdominal imaging exams.