Identification of intratumoral bacteria that enhance breast tumor metastasis

The central, mortality-associated hallmark of cancer is the process of metastasis. It is increasingly recognized that bacteria influence multiple facets of cancer progression, but the extent to which tumor microenvironment-associated bacteria control metastasis in cancer is poorly understood. To identify tumor-associated bacteria and their role in metastasis, we utilized established murine models of non-metastatic and metastatic breast tumors to identify bacteria capable of driving metastatic disease. We found several species of the Bacillus genus that were unique to metastatic tumors, and found that breast tumor cells cultured with a Bacillus bacterium isolated from metastatic tumors, Bacillus thermoamylovorans, produced nearly 3x the metastatic burden as control cells or cells cultured with bacteria from non-metastatic breast tumors. We then performed targeted metabolomics on tumor cells cultured with different bacterial species and found that B. thermoamylovorans differentially regulated tumor cell metabolite profiles compared to bacteria isolated from non-metastatic tumors. Using these bacteria, we performed de novo sequencing and tested for the presence of genes that were unique to the bacterium isolated from metastatic tumors in a patient population to provide a proof-of-concept for identifying how specific bacterial functions are associated with the metastatic process in cancer independent of bacterial species. Together, our data directly demonstrate the ability of specific bacteria to promote metastasis through interaction with cancer cells.