Global trend analysis, mechanistic insights and future directions of autoimmune ear diseases: Based on comprehensive findings over the past 20 years

Background: In recent years, Autoimmune diseases (ADs) and hearing loss are both significant public health burdens worldwide. An increasing number of studies are focusing on the potential link between these two diseases and exploring how hearing loss can be prevented and treated in the context of autoimmune diseases. In response to this focus, it is very necessary to conduct bibliometric analysis and molecular mechanism exploration to provide guidance for the exploration of basic mechanisms and clinical management. Method: Studies focusing on hearing loss and autoimmune disease were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database from 2000 to 2024. Bibliometric and visual analysis of the collected publications was conducted using VOSviewer and CiteSpace. The investigation of molecular pathways associated with diseases was carried out in the GeneCards and STRING databases. Results: A total of 696 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were chosen for further research. The number of papers on hearing loss and autoimmune diseases is increasing every year. These papers were mainly from 65 countries, led by the United States, China and Italy. These investigations included 3505 authors in total, with Greco A contributing the most publications. Harvard Medical School and Sapienza University Rome were the two institutions with the highest number of publications. Otology & Neurotology was the journal with the highest number of publications. The most common keywords include " sensorineural hearing loss", "endolymphatic hydrops", "management" and "autoimmune", which represent current and prospective future research trends and target topics in the field. Among them, the highest proportion of hearing loss in autoimmune ear diseases is sensorineural hearing loss, and the highest proportion of primary autoimmune ear diseases is Auto- immune inner ear disease. In addition, A total of 295 potential targets common to both diseases were also identified. Their pathogenesis involves cancer pathways, infectious disease pathways, cell senescence, epithelial and myocyte proliferation, hypoxia response, and inflammatory response. Conclusion: This bibliometric analysis reveals global research trends on hearing loss in the context of autoimmune diseases. Based on this, combined with preliminary bioinformatics analysis, a potential yet close link between the autoimmune diseases and hearing loss has been demonstrated. The current study highlights the need to fully consider the common genetic and pathophysiological mechanisms of these two types of diseases to promote interdisciplinary research and the development of personalized treatments for this clinical focus, with particular attention to the elderly population with comorbidity diseases. A deeper understanding of disease mechanisms has also led to advances in the clinical management of autoimmune ear diseases, including diagnosis and treatment.