Advancements in graphene-based nanostructured conducting polymer hybrid composite electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors

This comprehensive review provides a detailed analysis of carbon-based conducting polymer (CP) composites synthesized using advanced methodologies like in situ chemical polymerization and electrochemical polymerization, aimed at producing porous nanostructures with superior specific capacitance, exceptional cyclic stability and robust mechanical attributes. These composite materials, integrating carbon elements such as graphene (GP) and CPs, exhibit enhanced performance capabilities through meticulous control over nucleation and growth processes. CPs modulate their microstructural and morphological features, facilitating electrolyte diffusion within the electrode material, accelerating ion transport and boosting supercapacitive efficacy. The review explores the development of GP-based CP nanostructures, emphasizing the importance of controlling interlayer it-it interactions, binder effects, and electrolyte composition to improve supercapacitor performance. It discusses strategies to address CP limitations in supercapacitors, such as low capacitance and inferior cyclic stability, through improved synthesis and better GP-CP integration. The review also covers the potential applications of these composites in flexible electronics, wearable devices, and energy storage, along with advancements in scalable production, environmental impact, and future research directions to enhance supercapacitor efficiency.