Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of classification, sources, and environmental impacts

The globally increasing contents of microplastics (MP) in ecosystems have become a serious environmental problem with far-reaching and at present unpredictable consequences for both aquatic life and human wellbeing. Until recently, most research on MP focused on marine ecosystems. Research on the occurrence of MP has lately started to focus on freshwater environments. This comprehensive and critical review examines the multifaceted problem of MP pollution in freshwater ecosystems, delving into its diverse sources, transport mechanisms, environmental impacts, detection methods, and mitigation strategies. The environmental impacts of MP pollution span a spectrum of impacts on aquatic life, food webs, and biodiversity in general. In addition, human health concerns have arisen due to potential exposures resulting from the consumption of contaminated freshwater and biological resources. The review summarizes analytical methods and technologies used to detect and quantify MP in freshwater samples, while recognizing the challenges and new innovations in this area. Mitigation and management strategies are explored, ranging from waste management and recycling initiatives to engineering solutions such as wastewater treatment and stormwater management. Legislative measures aimed at curbing MP pollution are also reviewed. Reviewed case studies highlight regional differences, and the unique challenges faced by different freshwater ecosystems. The review concludes by highlighting the urgent need for global awareness, further research, and coordinated action to address the growing problem of MP pollution in freshwater. As humanity faces this complex environmental challenge, interdisciplinary approaches, and international collaboration are essential for sustainable solutions and protection of freshwater ecosystems and health of the planet.