Non-paraxial propagation of amplitude-modulated laser in plasmas for optical sensing applications

This study explores the non-paraxial propagation of amplitude-modulated lasers in plasma, focusing on the complex dynamics induced by modulation effects and the derivation from paraxial approximations. Amplitude modulation introduces variations in the laser beam's intensity, leading to nonlinear interactions with in the plasma that significantly influence the propagation characteristics. By incorporating non-paraxial corrections, the study addresses the limitations of the paraxial approximation in accurately describing the beam's behaviour. The amplitude-modulated laser exerts a ponderomotive force on plasma electrons, driving density perturbations and wave formation. Non-paraxial terms contribute to a more pronounced self-focusing of the laser beam, altering the amplitude and phase distribution across the beam profile. This leads to a more accurate prediction of beam evolution over longer distances, which is crucial for applications such as laser Wakefield acceleration and advanced plasma-based photonic devices. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the interplay between amplitude modulation and non-paraxial effects, offering improved models for designing and optimizing high-intensity laser-plasma interactions.