Spinal cord stimulation combined with exercise in patients diagnosed with persistent spinal pain syndrome. Study protocol for a randomized control trial

Introduction Administration of spinal cord stimulation to individuals with PSPS-T1/2 may induce supraspinal descending activation. Similarly, exercise is recognized as a fundamental aspect of spinal pain management. Studies have demonstrated its impact on neurophysiological factors, including the release of spinal and supraspinal beta-endorphins, which activate mu-opioid receptors. Therefore, the purpose of this study will be to examine the effect of SCS in combination with lumbo-pelvic stability core training on perceived low back pain, quality of life and disability in PSPS-T2 patients.Methods/Materials A double-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) has been designed. All participants will be randomized from a pre-set sequence. The intervention design has been elaborated from the CONSORT guidelines. This study has been registered at Clinicaltrial.gov (NCT06272539). Sample size was calculated using G Power (R) Sample size software (University of D & uuml;sseldorf). The calculation was based on a moderate effect size of 0.7 (partial eta 2 = 0.70, alpha = .05, power = 0.95), resulting in a total of 40 patients. Assuming a 30% dropout rate, 52 participants will be recruited in total. Two sessions per week will be scheduled for 8 weeks with a total of 16 sessions. Each work session will have a duration of 60 minutes. The exercise will be adapted according to the phases based on the results already published, limiting in each phase the degrees of flexion and extension of the spine to avoid the risk of electrode migration. Primary outcomes will be functionality, satisfaction, strength, psychosocial variables, quality of life and pain perception.