Genomic medicine and personalized treatment: a narrative review

Genomic medicine, which integrates genomics and bioinformatics into clinical care and diagnostics, is transforming healthcare by enabling personalized treatment approaches. Advances in technologies such as DNA sequencing, proteomics, and computational power have laid the foundation for individualized therapies that account for genetic variations influencing disease risk, progression, and treatment response. This review explores the historical milestones leading to current applications of genomic medicine, such as targeted therapies, gene therapies, and precision medicine, in fields including cardiovascular diseases, oncology, and rare genetic disorders. It highlights the use of next-generation sequencing and third-generation sequencing to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes, emphasizing the role of genomic data in advancing personalized treatments. Furthermore, emerging therapies such as CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing and adeno-associated viral vectors showcase the potential of gene therapy in addressing complex diseases, including rare genetic disorders. Despite promising advancements, challenges remain in fully integrating genomic medicine into routine clinical practice, including cost barriers, data interpretation complexities, and the need for widespread genomic literacy among healthcare professionals. The future of genomic medicine holds transformative potential for revolutionizing the diagnosis, treatment, and management of both common and rare diseases.