Preventive effects of matrine on LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and intestinal damage in mice through the TLR4/NF-κB/ MAPK pathway

Background: Matrine is a tetracyclic quinolizidine alkaloid with diverse bioactive properties, including antiinflammatory and neuroprotective properties. However, the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms remain unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to explore how matrine reduces Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells and to assess its protective effects against LPS-induced intestinal damage. Methods: The effect of matrine on cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Additionally, its impact on inflammatory cytokines and macrophage polarization was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) analyses. The effects on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), nitric oxide (NO) production, and oxidative stress were evaluated using 2 ',7 '-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining and JC-1 and Griess assays. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the translocation of the NF-kappa B p65 subunit. Western blotting (WB) and qRT-PCR were employed to analyze the expression levels of proteins related to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. An LPS-induced mouse model was established to study the intestinal inflammation and barrier injury. Mouse feces characteristics, colon length, and disease activity index (DAI) were recorded. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and alcian blue/periodic acid schiff (AB/PAS) staining were used to observe morphological changes and barrier damage in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon and to measure villus length, crypt depth, goblet cell count, and positive areas in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon was determined using gas chromatography (GC). Results: Matrine inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine levels, suppressed macrophage M1 polarization, and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. Matrine reduced LPS-induced increases in ROS and NO levels and regulates oxidative stress. Additionally, matrine inhibited the nuclear translocation of the NF-kappa B p65 subunit and exerted anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the activation of the TLR4/NF-kappa B/MAPK pathway. In vivo experiments indicated that matrine significantly alleviated LPS-induced diarrhea, increased DAI, and shortened the colon. Matrine reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1(3, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and the pro-inflammatory mediator NO in mouse intestinal tissues while promoting the content of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Furthermore, it improved intestinal tissue structure and alleviated LPS-induced intestinal barrier damage. Finally, matrine increased the SCFA levels in the intestine. Conclusion: Matrine exerted its anti-inflammatory effects and protects against intestinal injury through the TLR4/ NF-kappa B/MAPK signaling pathway.