Current Progress in Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials: Exploring Electrochemical, Biomedical, and Biosensor Applications

Black phosphorus nanomaterials (BPN), including 2D phosphorene, 1D nanoribbons, and 0D BP quantum dots (BPQDs) exhibit superior electronic performance, remarkable biocompatibility, and tunable bandgap energy. They present immense potential in a variety of fields involving electronics, energy storage, biosensing, and biomedical applications. Despite these favorable characteristics, there are some significant obstacles impeding the widespread adoption of BPN, which includes their degradation in moisture, light, and oxygen-rich environments, difficulties in achieving scalable, high-quality BPN production and instability in electrocatalysis further limit their practical applications. Future work will revolve around optimizing BPN synthesis, thoroughly examining the degradation mechanisms, maintaining BPN stability, and comprehending the biosafety of BP analogues and polymers. In particular, the review suggests exploring BP-metal/metal oxide nanostructure composites, as well as conducting additional research on BPQD-based nanocomposites for biological imaging and drug delivery. Development of efficient anti-degradation strategies, advancement of synthesis techniques, and a deeper understanding of the characteristics and potential applications of BPN will unlock their immense potential across various fields.