The potential of Pteridophyte-derived metal nanoparticles in biomedical research: A comprehensive review

In this day and age biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn the attention of researchers for their potential in numerous biomedical applications. Green synthesis of metal NPs is simple, sustainable, and scales well, making it ideal for industrial applications. By using natural resources and avoiding harmful chemicals, this approach minimizes environmental impact and promotes eco-friendly practices. Since ancient time pteridophytes have been considered as source of ethnomedicine to cure various ailments. Despite their high bioactivity, pteridophytes haven't been explored as extensively as other plant groups and research has mostly focused on a few genera with a vast potential waiting to be unlocked in other genera. This review provides a detailed overview of the synthesis processes of metal nanoparticles using pteridophytes encompassing latest advancements and innovations in this field and also provides scientists to stay updated and identify new areas of research. The articles reveals that the AgNPs produced from pteridophytes have particle sizes ranging from 6.64 to 170 nm, while AuNPs have particle sizes ranging from 5 to 40 nm. The biomedical applications of these nanoparticles, such as their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antivenom properties, are highlighted in these reviews, showcasing their potential in medical science. Concentrating on the way nanoparticles are used in the biomedical field employs materials science to create useful, realworld innovations. The challenges and future research will guide the scientific community in overcoming some of the most pressing health challenges with a significant advancement in targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment, and antibacterial therapies.