Carotenoids as a nutraceutical and health-promoting dietary supplement for human and animals: an updated review

Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments found in various fruits, vegetables, algae, insects, fungi, etc. As nutritional supplements, carotenoids have gained considerable attention for their potential therapeutic and health-promoting effects, making them significant components of alternative and traditional medicine worldwide. Carotenoids have many health benefits, particularly disease prevention. Carotenoids such as lutein, lycopene, and beta-carotene possess strong antioxidant properties, which help mitigate oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and eye disorders. Carotenoids play a vital role in various health conditions, including coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), vision disorders, Alzheimer's disease, reproductive health, cosmetic applications, diabetes management, infant formula, and animal nutrition. In alternative medicine, carotenoids are valued for enhancing immune function, reducing oxidative damage, and lowering the risk of chronic illnesses. Their benefits extend to improving cognitive function and potentially delaying the progression of Alzheimer's disease, protecting against age-related macular degeneration and other vision problems, and supporting COVID-19 treatment. In skin care, carotenoids contribute to skin health and beauty, while in diabetes management, they aid in blood glucose regulation. This review especially emphasizes the potential of carotenoids as vital components in health management strategies within alternative medicine and underscores the need for further research to optimize their use in nutraceutical applications.