[1] Open Univ China, Sch Econ & Management, Beijing, Peoples R China
[2] Minist Educ, Engn Res Ctr Integrat & Applicat Digital Learning, Beijing, Peoples R China
[3] Beijing Wuzi Univ, Sch Informat, Beijing, Peoples R China
[4] Univ Manchester, Sch Math, Manchester, England
[5] Univ Hertfordshire, Sch Phys Engn & Comp Sci, Hatfield, England
[6] Brunel Univ, Math Sci, Uxbridge, England
[7] Humboldt Univ, Business & Econ, Berlin, Germany
[8] Renmin Univ China, Ctr Appl Stat, Sch Stat, Beijing 100872, Peoples R China