Biological Synergy of Diorganotin (IV) Metal With Schiff Bases: Synthesis, Characterization, Antituberculosis, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation

In the search for new therapeutic agents, a variety of diorganotin (IV) complexes were synthesized from Schiff base ligands (H2L1-H2L2) derived from 2-amino-4,6-dichloro-5-methylphenol and 5-nitrosalicylaldehyde/5-chlorosalicylaldehyde. Structural characterization was performed using various analytical and physical techniques. Spectroscopic data confirmed that the ligands coordinate to the diorganotin (IV) ion via O- and N-donor sites in an iminol configuration, indicating a pentacoordinated stereochemistry. TGA studies showed stability up to 120 degrees C, and low conductance suggested nonelectrolytic nature. Bioactivity screening included the alamar blue assay for antituberculosis activity, serial dilutions for antimicrobial testing, and the bovine serum albumin technique for anti-inflammatory evaluation. Notably, Complex 6 [Ph2SnL1] displayed the highest efficacy against tuberculosis (MIC: 0.0102 +/- 0.0017 mu mol/mL) and inflammation (IC50:7.9437 +/- 0.02 mu M) dysfunctions, which is comparable to standard drugs. Moreover, the metal complexes, particularly Complexes 6 and 10, exhibited the most promising antimicrobial activity with 0.0051-0.0052 mu mol/mL MIC values. The efficacy pattern was Ph2SnL1-2 > Bu2SnL1-2 > Et2SnL1-2 > Me2SnL1-2. Evaluation of the ADMET profile elucidated the low toxicity levels and drug likeness properties of these compounds, highlighting their potential as promising therapeutic agents.