Brain Endurance Training Improves Dynamic Calisthenic Exercise and Benefits Novel Exercise and Cognitive Performance: Evidence of Performance Enhancement and Near Transfer of Training

The purpose of this dual study was to evaluate whether brain endurance training (BET)-a mental fatigue countermeasure involving physical and cognitive training-enhanced exercise compared with physical training alone. Two studies (N = 29) used a pretest/training/posttest design, with participants randomized to BET or control groups. During testing, participants performed calisthenic exercises (study 1: press-ups, wall sit, and plank; study 2: burpees, jump squats, leg raises, press-ups, and plank) to failure before and after completing 20-minute cognitive tasks (study 1: memory updating; study 2: memory updating, response inhibition, and nonexecutive functions). Training comprised 3 sessions per week for 4 weeks. In study 1 training sessions, participants completed 2 submaximal exercise sets; each exercise was followed by a 3-minute cognitive task with high (BET) or low (control) cognitive loads. In study 2 training sessions, participants completed 1 submaximal exercise set; after 12-minute cognitive tasks (BET) or rest (control), each exercise was preceded by a 3-minute cognitive task (BET) or rest (control). These cognitive tasks involved response inhibition and memory updating. Performance (exercise repetitions/duration), perceived exertion, and mental fatigue were assessed. In pretesting, exercise performance was matched between groups. In posttesting, BET groups performed more dynamic exercises than control groups but the same number of static exercises. Cognitive task performance was either greater for BET or not different between groups. Neither perceived exertion nor mental fatigue differed between groups and tests. Brain endurance training enhanced dynamic but not static calisthenic exercise performance compared with physical training alongside near transfer of training benefits for novel physical and cognitive task performance.