Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soils Using Indian Mustard: Influence of Organic and Inorganic Amendments

Lead (Pb) contamination in the environment poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. Effective management strategies are crucial for mitigating its impact. This study investigated the immobilization and bioavailability of Pb in soils, amended with press-mud, farmyard manure (FYM), lime and silt + clay, with Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Loamy sand soil was spiked with lead nitrate at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg− 1 Pb. Indian mustard (RLM 619) was raised in treated microcosms upto maturity with adequate application of NPK fertilizers. The total mean dry matter yield of Indian mustard harvested at maturity decreased with increasing Pb levels. At all Pb levels, the application of different amendments, except lime, increased micronutrient content. Addition of amendments generally enhanced the nutrient content in seeds. We concluded that the silt + clay amendment was the most effective in reducing Pb bioavailability to Indian mustard. Future research should explore the long-term effects of amendments on the sustainability of Pb immobilization across various soil types. Additionally, assessing Indian mustard for large-scale remediation will provide valuable insights for developing more effective and eco-friendly management strategies.