The Role of Immunohistochemistry as a Surrogate Marker in Molecular Subtyping and Classification of Bladder Cancer

被引:0
作者
Barbadilla, Tatiana Cano [1 ,2 ]
Perez, Martina Alvarez [2 ,3 ,4 ]
Cuadra, Juan Daniel Prieto [2 ,3 ,5 ]
de Vera, M. Teresa Dawid [2 ,3 ,5 ]
Alberca-del Arco, Fernando [3 ,6 ,7 ]
Munoz, Isabel Garcia [2 ,3 ,5 ]
de la Blanca, Rocio Santos-Perez [3 ,6 ,7 ]
Herrera-Imbroda, Bernardo [3 ,6 ,7 ,8 ]
Matas-Rico, Elisa [3 ,6 ,7 ,9 ]
Martin, M. Isabel Hierro [2 ,3 ,5 ]
机构
[1] Juan Ramon Jimenez Univ Hosp HJRJ, Pathol Dept, Huelva 21005, Spain
[2] Univ Malaga UMA, Dept Human Physiol Human Histol Pathol & Sports Ph, Malaga 29071, Spain
[3] Inst Biomed Res Malaga IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Malaga 29590, Spain
[4] Univ Malaga UMA, Ctr Med & Hlth Res, Lab Mol Biol Canc LBMC, Malaga 29010, Spain
[5] Hosp Univ Virgen Victoria HUVV, Pathol Dept, Malaga 29010, Spain
[6] Hosp Univ Virgen Victoria HUVV, Urol Dept, Malaga 29010, Spain
[7] GUARD Consortium, Genitourinary Alliance Res & Dev, Malaga 29071, Spain
[8] Univ Malaga UMA, Dept Surg Specialties Biochem & Immunol, Malaga 29071, Spain
[9] Univ Malaga UMA, Dept Cell Biol Genet & Physiol, Malaga 29071, Spain
关键词
bladder cancer; immunohistochemistry; molecular subtypes; molecular classification; UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA; NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY; BASAL; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; OUTCOMES; RECURRENCE; CYSTECTOMY; PHENOTYPE; SIGNATURE;
D O I
10.3390/diagnostics14222501
中图分类号
R5 [内科学];
学科分类号
1002 ; 100201 ;
摘要
Background/Objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, presenting clinical challenges, particularly in predicting patient outcomes and selecting effective treatments. Molecular subtyping has emerged as an essential tool for understanding the biological diversity of BC; however, its implementation in clinical practice remains limited due to the high costs and complexity of genomic techniques. This review examines the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) as a surrogate marker for molecular subtyping in BC, highlighting its potential to bridge the gap between advanced molecular classifications and routine clinical application; Methods: We explore the evolution of taxonomic classification in BC, with a particular focus on cytokeratin (KRT) expression patterns in normal urothelium, which are key to identifying basal and luminal subtypes. Furthermore, we emphasise the need for consensus on IHC markers to reliably define these subtypes, facilitating wider and standardised clinical use. The review also analyses the application of IHC in both muscle-invasive (MIBC) and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with particular attention to the less extensively studied NMIBC cases. We discuss the practical advantages of IHC for subtyping, including its cost effectiveness and feasibility in standard pathology laboratories, alongside ongoing challenges such as the requirement for standardised protocols and external validation across diverse clinical settings; Conclusions: While IHC has limitations, it offers a viable alternative for laboratories lacking access to advanced molecular techniques. Further research is required to determine the optimal combination of markers, establish a consensus diagnostic algorithm, and validate IHC through large-scale trials. This will ultimately enhance diagnostic accuracy, guide treatment decisions, and improve patient outcomes.
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页数:22
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