Knockdown resistance associated organochlorine resistance in mosquito-borne diseases (Anopheles culicifacies): A systematic review

Objective:To investigate the prevalence, mechanisms, and trends of knockdown resistance (kdr) in Anopheles (An.) culicifacies and its impact on the efficacy of organochlorine and other insecticides.Methods:A systematic review was conducted based on PRISMA guidelines, extracting data from biooan.org, Embase, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science without a time limit until the end of 2022. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were assessed using the STROBE checklist. Data on kdr mutations, insecticide resistance, and effectiveness were analyzed across eight selected studies from various regions.Results:The review revealed widespread kdr-mediated resistance in An. culicifacies, primarily against dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), persisting even decades after discontinued use. Key kdr mutations, including L1014F and L1014S, were identified. Resistance to deltamethrin was less stable, with increased sensitivity observed after short-term discontinuation. The findings underscore the vector's sustained resistance to organochlorine insecticides and relative sensitivity to pyrethroids.Conclusions:Stable kdr resistance in An. culicifacies to organochlorine insecticides highlights the need for periodic susceptibility assessments and strategic rotation or combination of insecticides to combat malaria effectively and prevent the development of resistance.