Baseline Neck Disability Index and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function Predict Postoperative Return to Normal in Cervical Spine Surgery

Background: Recent studies assessing the importance of various preoperative factors on postoperative outcomes following spine surgery have uncovered several important variables that influence subjective and objective outcomes following cervical spine surgery, but it is still unclear which patients are most likely to benefit from operative management. Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess whether preoperative patient- reported outcome measures (PROMs) can be used to predict which patients achieve "normal" levels of pain and function after surgery. Study Design: This was a prospective cohort study. Patient Sample: This study included all adult patients undergoing cervical spine surgery by 1 of 7 senior spine surgeons at our institution between 2016 and 2018. Of the 164 patients who were eligible for 6- month follow- up at the time that study data were collected, 139 had available follow- up data and were included in our analysis. Outcomes Measures: Patients completed the Neck Disability Index (NDI) as well as the Patient- Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) and Pain Interference computer adaptive tests preoperatively and at 6 months postoperatively. Methods: Patients who achieved postoperative patient- acceptable symptom state (PASS) for NDI (<= 17) and the normative mean (50) for PROMIS were identified. The relationship between preoperative PROMs and the probability of achieving PASS and the normative mean was assessed. Results: One hundred thirty- nine patients met inclusion criteria with diagnoses of myelopathy (n = 36), radiculopathy (n = 48), and myeloradiculopathy (n = 49). For NDI, a 1- point worsening in the preoperative score resulted in an OR of achieving PASS of 0.96 (P < 0.001) in the overall population. This association held true for patients with radiculopathy (OR 0.96; P = 0.022) but not myelopathy (OR 0.98; P = 0.35). For PROMIS PF, a 1- point improvement in the preoperative score resulted in an OR of achieving the normative mean of 1.10 (P < 0.001). This association held true for patients with radiculopathy (OR 1.14; P = 0.033) but did not reach statistical significance for patients with myelopathy (OR 1.03; P = 0.515). Conclusions: Preoperative PROMs can predict postoperative benefit for patients undergoing cervical spine surgery, with worse baseline function associated with a lower likelihood of attaining PASS for NDI and the normative mean for PROMIS PF, especially for patients with radiculopathy. Clinical Relevance: Baseline symptoms and function, including myelopathy or radiculopathy- dominant symptoms and preoperative PROMs, may predict postoperative outcomes. Level of Evidence: 3.