The role of biophysical properties in defining the functional applications of alkyl esters of L-ascorbic acid

Lipophilic derivatives of vitamin C, known as ascorbyl-6-O-alkanoates (ASCn), have been mainly developed for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry as antioxidant additives. These derivatives are of biotechnological interest due to their antioxidant properties, amphiphilic behavior, capacity to self-organize into nano- and micro-structures, anionic nature, and low cost of synthesis. In this review, we will focus on the commercial amphiphile, 6-O-palmitoyl L-ascorbic acid (ASC16), and the shorter acyl chains derivatives, such as 6-O-myristoyl (ASC14) and 6-O-lauroyl L-ascorbic acid (ASC12). The biophysical characteristics of the ASCn family members make them promising candidates for applications such as antioxidant additives, drug carriers in topical pharmaceutical formulations, skin permeation enhancers, and vaccine adjuvants. Furthermore, they exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, drawing attention from new biotechnology frontiers. By exploring the biophysical properties of ASCn derivatives, this review highlights their potential applications and the fundamental mechanisms driving their functionality.