Chitosan Approaches in Colon Cancer Therapy: Understanding its Macromolecular Interactions and Structure-Property Relationships

Colon cancer is still a significant cause of cancer-related deaths and, therefore, new treatment approaches are required. As a naturally derived polysaccharide, Chitosan has become one of the most promising materials in polymer-based drug delivery systems because of its outstanding biocompatibility, biodegradability, and pH-responsive drug release. This review explores the expanding roles of Chitosan and its chemical modifications in colon cancer therapy, emphasizing the relationship between macromolecular interactions and structure-property dynamics. Recent progress in Chitosan-based nanocarriers, including nanoparticles, nanogels and hybrid systems, highlights their significant potential to overcome multidrug resistance and minimize off-target toxicity. These advancements are closely aligned with developments in precision medicine, incorporating stimuli-responsive components and targeted ligands for enhanced efficacy. While preclinical and clinical studies yield promising results, critical challenges such as scalability, reproducibility and regulatory compliance remain obstacles to clinical translation. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of Chitosan in addressing therapeutic barriers in colon cancer treatment. Looking ahead, future advancements should focus on utilizing cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence and 3D bioprinting, to enhance drug formulations and develop personalized therapeutic solutions that are more effective and tailored to individual needs.