The synergistic anti-Warburg efficacy of temozolomide, metformin and epigallocatechin gallate in glioblastoma

An important hallmark of glioblastoma aggressiveness is its altered metabolism of glucose. This metabolic shift wherein the tumor cells employ aerobic glycolysis regardless of oxygen availability via reprogramming of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is known as the Warburg effect. Previous literatures have linked this metabolic reprograming to tumor progression and glioblastoma cell proliferation making it a key target for targeted drug therapy. Based on this lacuna, the current study aimed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of the triple-drug combination of temozolomide, metformin and epigallocatechin gallate in attenuating Warburg effect and glucose uptake in glioblastoma both in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that the triple-drug combination had significantly reduced glucose uptake and reversed the Warburg effect in glioblastoma cells and in the gliomainduced xenograft rat model. Thus, the triple-drug combination would serve as an effective therapeutic regime to hamper glioblastoma progression via altering glucose metabolism and improving the overall prognosis in patient setting.