Progress of Complex System Process Analysis Based on Modern Spectroscopy Combined With Chemometrics

In recent years, the role of analytical chemistry has undergone a gradual transformation, evolving from a mere participant to a pivotal decision-maker in process optimisation. This shift can be attributed to the advent of sophisticated analytical instrumentation, which has ushered in a new era of analytical capabilities. This article presents a review of the developments in the application of intelligent analysis techniques, including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), in the processing of complex systems over the past decade. The review provides an introduction to the fundamental principles of these analytical techniques and examines the evolution of their instrumentation to accommodate online process monitoring. The analysis of spectral data in complex system processes represents a fundamental aspect of the attainment of on-site quality monitoring, process optimisation and control. Accordingly, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the methodologies employed in process chemometrics, encompassing spectral preprocessing, feature selection, modelling techniques, and optimisation strategies for model performance. Furthermore, this article presents a summary of three intelligent spectral analysis tools, namely infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and LIBS, which are widely employed in process simulation, monitoring, optimisation, and control across multiple disciplines, including the environment, energy, biology, and food. The objective of this review is to provide a valuable reference point and guidance for the further promotion and utilisation of spectral intelligent analysis instruments, with the aim of promoting their in-depth application and development in a greater number of fields.