Precision medicine in oncology: role and prospects of mass spectrometry

The aim of this review was to analyze the accumulated data on the use of mass spectrometry in diagnosing, treating, and prognosing cancer from the perspective of precision medicine. Currently, universally accepted methods for early cancer diagnosis are not available, primarily due to low molecular specificity of pathological changes at early stages of cancer development. Additionally, the existing diagnostic modalities are notably limited in sensitivity. However, early detection is imperative for selection of the most suitable cancer treatment strategy and its successful implementation. In the realm of oncology, mass spectrometry approaches show great potential for advancement and utilization. Mass spectrometry is becoming an indispensable tool in basic and applied research due to its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. It allows for efficient analysis of complex biological compounds, even at low concentrations. Moreover, contemporary mass spectrometry technology is capable of automating the analysis, thereby facilitating its diverse clinical applications in diagnosis, drug therapy selection, and even potential assistance to surgical oncologists in the operating room. Considering all these characteristics and advantages, mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of biological samples can be defined as some of the most promising and dynamically developing tools in precision medicine, as they are capable of providing clinically valuable information based on omics technologies, taking into account personal characteristics of the patient. Over the next decade, introduction of mass spectrometry-based methods into clinical practice based on the principles of precision medicine is expected to optimize selection of personalized treatment strategies for cancer patients and provide significant economic benefits by reducing morbidity, disability, and mortality. This comprehensive review presents the analysis of 65 scientific publications, highlighting the results of clinical and experimental studies utilizing mass spectrometry methods for diagnosing cancer, investigating the underlying mechanisms of disease development, and evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The review encompasses original articles published from January 1, 2018 to November 30, 2023. The majority of studies back the potential of mass spectrometry as a valuable tool for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Broadening application of mass spectrometry techniques in the field of oncology holds significant promise and represents a relevant area for future research.