Rethinking Synergies and Trade-Offs at the Forest-Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Nexus-A Systematic Review

Forests play a critical role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), yet their contributions are often misunderstood and inadequately addressed in the scientific discourse. This study clarifies the intricate relationships between forests and the SDGs by examining the contextual factors that influence this interplay. Through a systematic literature review, we adopt a mixed-methods approach that integrates quantitative mapping of themes with qualitative analysis of key forest-SDG nexuses. Our analysis reveals that forests' contributions to specific SDGs, particularly SDGs 2 (Zero Hunger), 13 (Climate Action) and 15 (Life on Land), are not uniform but vary significantly based on forest type, condition, and management practices. These contributions are also linked to the degree of success in realizing these goals over time. Key findings indicate that previous studies have often treated forests as static entities, overlooking the complexity of their relationships with SDGs. For instance, in the case of SDG 13 ("Climate Action"), forests are frequently lauded for their synergetic contributions, while potential trade-offs and evolving dynamics are neglected. Similarly, earlier studies have treated the SDGs as homogeneous entities, generalizing their impacts on forests. However, distinct facets within each SDG can influence the forest relationship in nuanced ways. Our findings reveal that even within specific SDG targets, such as SDG target 2.3, the connection to forests can be interpreted differently. This review contributes to a deeper understanding of the socio-ecological systems shaping forest-SDG outcomes, advocating for a nuanced perspective to foster informed policy-making and sustainable forest management.