Targeting glycolysis for neuroprotection in early LPS-induced neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is a pathophysiological feature of numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. The immune response in the central nervous system, driven by microglia and astrocytes, leads to metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. The control of metabolic reprogramming via immunomodulation may represent a potential therapeutic target for providing protection against neuroinflammation, which contributes to neuronal dysfunction and death in several neurological disorders. For this purpose, we investigated putative neuroprotective effects of the downregulation of aerobic glycolysis using the 3PO inhibitor, and the downregulation of neuroinflammation using MCC950, in the early LPS-induced neuroinflammation model. The LPS-induced shift towards glycolysis, inflammatory and glial changes (IL-1 beta, NF-kappa B, COX2, Iba1, GFAP) were reversed by 3PO, which improved animal behavior. Additionally, MCC950 (an NLRP3 inhibitor) downregulated TLR4/Akt/p38 MAPK/NF-kappa B/STAT3 signaling, expressions of COX2 and IL-1 beta, and the astrocyte reactivity (decreasing GFAP) induced by early neuroinflammation, resulting in low glucose uptake. Our data support the occurrence of the Warburg effect during early neuroinflammation and suggest potential new approaches for the treatment of brain injury, given the role of neuroinflammation in such events.