A Review on Various Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Sensors

SPR is an extremely sensitive optical technique used to detect molecular interactions without using labels. It has many applications in biosensing, environmental monitoring, and materials science. This article provides the principles behind SPR while detailing the various types of sensors that are used alongside SPR technology to achieve improved sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity fundamental in plasmonic resonance at the boundaries between metal and dielectric materials can identify change in the refractive index close to sensor surfaces, allowing SPR to function as a flexible platform for applications that require high-precision detection. Therefore, SPR is capable of detecting subtle environmental changes on a sensor surface and is particularly valuable in biosensing, chemical analysis, and materials research. A variety of sensors, including biosensors, chemical sensors, and gas sensors, can be combined with SPR to enable the precise measurement of specific analytes. This document will explore future developments in SPR technology, including sensor optimization, enhanced detection limits, and the analysis of multiple species. While recent studies have concentrated on using nanomaterials to boost SPR performance, MXenes remain relatively underused two-dimensional materials that offer exceptionally high conductivity, large surface areas, and somewhat tunable surface chemistry. These materials have been recognized as promising options for enhancing SPR-based detection techniques.