Efficient energy harvesting using triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs): Integration with technologies, wearable applications, and future trends

The escalating energy demands and the urgent need for sustainable power solutions have highlighted the potential of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as viable energy harvesting technologies. This paper continues the comprehensive review by focusing on the integration of TENGs with other technologies, their applications in wearable devices, and emerging future trends. This review introduces the integration of TENGs with various technologies, emphasizing hybrid energy harvesting systems, such as TENG-photovoltaic hybrids, TENGpiezoelectric generator systems, and TENG-TEG systems. The paper also explores the application of TENGs in smart systems and internet of things (IoT) applications, including self-powered sensors, IoT connectivity, wearable devices, environmental monitoring, smart homes, and industrial IoT. These integrations demonstrate TENGs' potential to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of modern technology. Significant attention is given to the advancements in wearable and flexible TENGs. This includes self-powered health monitoring, integration with smart clothing, biocompatible materials, and applications in rehabilitation and fitness tracking. The paper discusses the development of flexible and stretchable TENGs, highlighting innovations in stretchable polymers, serpentine interconnects, and encapsulation techniques, which expand the possibilities for wearable technology, soft robotics, and flexible electronics. Finally, the review addresses environmental and large-scale applications of TENGs, such as ocean wave and wind energy harvesting, and environmental monitoring and sensing systems. It also considers the future prospects and emerging trends, including the integration of TENGs with artificial intelligence and their application in next-generation technologies. By covering these areas, this paper underscores the transformative potential of TENGs in various domains, contributing to sustainable and efficient energy solutions for the future.