Carbon-based two-dimensional materials (CB-2DMs): An emerging sensing technology for fluoride detection

Fluoride (F-) ions contamination has significantly increased globally in environments that affect human health. Excessive exposure to the F- ions in the environmental bodies might cause various diseases, including thyroid inflammation, kidney disorder, and dental and skeleton fluorosis. Therefore, the detection of F- ions is of utmost importance in managing their adverse effects. Early detection of F- ions is essential to mitigate its adverse effects. Researchers have made significant efforts to develop newer materials that have high selectivity and sensitivity towards F- ions. Two-dimensional materials (2DMs), especially carbon based-2DMs (CB-2DMs) like graphene, graphene oxide (GO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and MXene, have unique characteristics such as high surface area, high electron mobilities, exceptional catalytic activity, high mechanical, electrical, and thermal stability, which makes them highly sensitive sensor, thereby easily detect F- ions from environments by the colorimetric, fluorescent, and electrochemical-based sensor. In this mini-review, we focused on the CB-2DMsbased sensing technologies for detecting F- ions. Moreover, we discussed how incorporating metals/polymers/surface functional groups will improve the sensing ability. We also discussed the sensing mechanisms of the F- ions using CB-2DMs. Lastly, we discussed the challenges and future possibilities towards the development of the F- ions sensor.