Neurobiological Definition of Intelligence: A Neuroscience Review

Intelligence is a complex cognitive trait that has long intrigued researchers across disciplines. Recent advances in neuroscience have provided insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of intelligence. This review examines the neurobiological definition of intelligence, focusing on the neural processes and brain regions associated with cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, memory, and learning. Key findings include: (I) prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as decision-making, planning, and working memory, with larger prefrontal cortex volume correlating with better fluid intelligence performance; (II) parietal cortex is implicated in mathematical reasoning and spatial processing, essential for problem-solving and abstract thinking; (III) hippocampus, critical for memory formation and retrieval, is linked to intelligence through its role in cognitive task performance; and (IV) neuroimaging studies reveal that higher intelligence scores are associated with increased connectivity between brain regions, suggesting more efficient information processing. Understanding the neurobiological basis of intelligence can provide valuable insights into human cognition and inform interventions to enhance cognitive functioning. Further research is needed to unravel the complexities of intelligence and its neural substrates.