Holographic Einstein ring of a charged Rastall AdS black hole with bulk electromagnetic field

We study the Einstein images of a charged Rastall AdS black hole (BH) within the fabric of AdS/CFT correspondence. Considering the holographic setup, we analyze the amplitude of the total response function for various values of model parameters. With an increase in parameter lambda and temperature T, the amplitude of the response function decreases, while it increases with an increase in electric charge e and chemical potential mu. The influence of frequency omega also plays an important role in the bulk field, as it is found that decreasing omega leads to an increase in the periods of the waves, which means that the amplitude of the response function also depends on the wave source. The relation between T and the inverse of the horizon for various values of parameter lambda is interpreted under fixed values of other involved parameters. These, in turn, affect the behavior of the response function and the Einstein ring, which may be used to differentiate the present study from previous ones. We construct the holographic images of the BH in bulk via a special optical system. The results show that the Einstein ring always appears with concentric stripes at the position of the north pole, and this ring transforms into a luminosity-deformed ring or bright light spot when the distant observer lies away from the north pole. Finally, we discuss the influence of the associated parameters on the Einstein ring radius, which is consistent with wave optics.