Preemptive Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Variceal Bleeding: A Real-World Study in a Tertiary Hospital

Introduction: Several studies have highlighted the potential benefits of early prophylactic transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (preemptive TIPS) placement in reducing morbidity and mortality following variceal bleeding (VB). Baveno VII recommends its placement less than 72 h after VB (Child-Pugh class C <14 or class B >7 plus active bleeding). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of preemptive TIPS compared to a control group in a referral center. Methods: The control group included cirrhotic patients with VB and Child-Pugh class C or B with active bleeding, retrospectively selected between 2016 and 2022 and divided into 2 subgroups: those that never underwent TIPS placement during the course of their illness (subgroup A) and those submitted to TIPS placement due to rebleeding (subgroup B). Additionally, patients who received preemptive TIPS placement between August 2022 and January 2024 were prospectively included into the preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (pTIPS) group. Results: A total of 47 patients were included, 19 (40.4%) in the pTIPS group and 28 (59.6%) in control group (17 in subgroup A). There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the groups, except hepatic encephalopathy that was significantly higher in the control group when compared to the pTIPS group: 19 (67.9%) versus 6 (31.6%), p = 0.014. Early rebleeding rates were significantly lower in the pTIPS group: 1 (5.3%) versus 13 (46.4%) (p = 0.002). There were no significant differences in 6-week survival between the groups: 25 (89.3%) versus 17 (89.5%), p = 0.683. Regarding hepatic encephalopathy, no significant differences were observed between the control and the pTIPS group: 6 (21.4%) versus 4 (21.1%), p = 0.632, even when comparing subgroup A (4, 23.5%) with the pTIPS group (p = 0.432). Conclusion: This real-world study highlights the potential benefits of preemptive TIPS placement in reducing early relapse of VB, thereby lowering morbidity and complications. The findings advocate for the proactive incorporation of preemptive TIPS into clinical practice to optimize patient outcomes following VB.