Thermal characteristics and slagging-fouling analysis in co-combustion of coal and oil palm waste mixtures

This research investigates the co-combustion of oil palm biomasses with coal, focusing on their thermal characteristics and the risks of slagging and fouling. The palm oil biomass includes empty fruit bunches (EFB), fronds (FRD), and leaves (LVS), which are underutilized as energy sources. These biomass wastes are blended with lowrank coal (LRC) and medium-rank coal (MRC) to ensure sustainable fuel supply and cost-effective operations. A comprehensive approach involving laboratory tests, combustion experiments, and theoretical analysis are used. The findings identify safe operational limits for slagging and fouling risks. The slagging tendency remains low, with a maximum accumulation of 25 % of elements like Fe, Na, and K and 20 % of minerals such as hematite and illite. Similarly, fouling risks are minimal, with a maximum of 10 % Na, K, and S and 20 % of anhydrite and illite minerals. The results suggest that palm waste mixtures can be used as boiler fuel at a maximum of 5 wt%, adhering to acceptable slagging and fouling limits. This study provides valuable insights into the practical use of biomass blends for co-firing, particularly in East Kalimantan, which contributes to sustainable energy solutions.