Most common congenital syndromes with facial asymmetry A narrative review

Symmetry is present in various aspects of everyday life. A symmetrical face is considered attractive, whereas a lack of facial symmetry is regarded as a source of functional and aesthetic problems. Most of the people exhibit slight asymmetries, but some of them reveal severe asymmetries. Among patients presenting with severe facial asymmetries, there may be those with congenital defects. Congenital defects may manifest at the time of birth or be a result of birth trauma. One of the most prevalent asymmetrical birth defects is cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Other congenital defects include craniofacial syndromes, such as Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) and Goldenhar syndrome. Among the rare syndromes with facial asymmetries, Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS), PHACE (posterior fossa brain malformation, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac anomalies, and eye abnormalities) syndrome, plagiocephaly, and Parry-Romberg syndrome are worth noticing. The majority of craniofacial asymmetries require surgery to improve the patient's facial appearance. The treatment is multidisciplinary and long, and the most common procedures involve reparative and regenerative surgeries. The aim of this review was to present the most common congenital defects with facial asymmetry.