Consensus for the Development of a New Early Warning Score for Predicting Patients' Clinical Deterioration in Angola: A Delphi Study

Background: Nearly 30 years since its inception, the early warning scores (EWSs) remain pivotal, yet variations have emerged for hospital and prehospital use. Aggregated scores, reflecting multiple physiological parameters, outperform single-parameter systems in assessing acute illness severity, though consensus on optimal approaches is lacking. Resource-limited countries, including Angola, lack adapted EWSs, emphasizing the need for cost-effective and adaptable solutions to enhance patient care.Objective: To explore the perspectives of Angolan experts to identify physiological parameters suitable for incorporation into existing EWSs, allowing the development of a new tool adjusted to the healthcare context in Angola.Methods: We conducted a three-round Delphi survey, engaging a national expert panel comprising twenty-five physicians and nurses with expertise in internal medicine, surgery, emergency rooms, intensive care units, and/or teachers at universities or at teaching courses in these fields. Participants were asked to rate items using a five-point Likert scale. Consensus was achieved if the items received a rating >= 80% from the panel.Results: Consensus was evident for the inclusion of standard physiological parameters, such as systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, neurological status, and the presence or absence of supplemental oxygen. Furthermore, there was consensus for the consideration of specific items, namely, seizures, jaundice, cyanosis, capillary refill time, and pain-typically not included in the current EWSs. Consensus was reached regarding the exclusion of both oxygen saturation and temperature measurements in healthcare settings where oximeters and thermometers might not be readily available.Conclusion: Angolan experts were able to identify the physiological parameters suitable for incorporation into the basic EWSs. Further study must be conducted to test and validate the impact of the newly suggested vital parameters on the discriminant and predictive capability of a new aggregated model specifically adjusted to the Angolan healthcare setting.