Factors influencing the quality of life of postpartum women: a systematic review

The postpartum period is a sensitive period in a woman's life, characterized by significant physical, emotional and social changes. Quality of life (QoL) for postpartum women is influenced by various factors, including physical health, psychological well-being, socioeconomic status, and support systems. Understanding these factors is essential to improve maternal health outcomes and provide targeted interventions. This systematic review aims to identify and analyze factors affecting the quality of life of women after childbirth, highlighting the interaction between physical, psychological and social factors. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in several electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus, covering articles published from 2012 to 2024. The quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) tool. The included studies demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between the quality of life after childbirth and factors such as reproductive self-image, marital satisfaction, delivery methods and breastfeeding. A moderate relationship was observed between genital image and sexual health, while marital satisfaction was associated with reduced stress and anxiety in postpartum women. Physical health challenges, including urinary incontinence and post-cesarean recovery, were identified as risk factors for reduced quality of life. Notably, improvements in health-related quality of life were observed from six weeks to six months postpartum. Breastfeeding emerged as an essential factor that has a positive effect on physical recovery and emotional health. This review revealed the complex interaction of physical, psychological and relational factors on the quality of life of women after childbirth. Interventions aimed at increasing marital satisfaction, providing breastfeeding support, and addressing physical health issues are critical to improving overall well-being.