Hydrogen uptake and embrittlement behavior in pipeline steels: Insights from slow strain rate testing and synchrotron micro-CT imaging

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) presents a major challenge to the integrity of steel pipelines, often leading to premature failure. Traditional methods using two-dimensional (2D) analysis of damaged structures, often overlook critical features related to failure. Hence, this study investigates the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of two pipeline steels, X60 and X65, using a combination of mechanical testing, hydrogen diffusion and trapping studies, microstructural characterization, and synchrotron micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging. The results highlight the critical role of hydrogen trapping and retention in HE, with steel microstructure significantly affecting hydrogen uptake and diffusion as well as crack nucleation and propagation. Synchrotron micro-CT imaging provided more accurate crack pattern assessments than traditional 2D methods, revealing potential misinterpretations from 2D cross-sectional analysis. This study concludes that simultaneous hydrogen ingress and mechanical loading is more damaging than pre-charging with high hydrogen concentrations, and that hydrogen retention capacity plays a greater role in embrittlement behavior than crack initiation. The failure mechanism of the hydrogen-charged steels shifted from being plasticity-based to decohesion-driven, based on the hydrogen content and retention in the steel, which is in line with the unified HELP+HEDE model.